Heat-resistant metals, such as alloys and composites, are used in rockets to survive severe temperatures.
Thermally conductive materials line the engines, absorbing and radiating heat.
Some engines circulate cold gasoline around the chamber to keep it cool.
The strong heat just quickly hits the chamber, reducing the risk of melting.
Heat spreads evenly across a vast area, avoiding concentrated hot spots.
Some engines employ exhaust to cool the nozzle, creating a self-cooling loop.
The fuel burns in stages, allowing temperatures to be controlled and overheating to be avoided.
Temperature sensors and systems constantly track and change temperatures as needed.